Premodern to Modern Study Terms

“The World of Yesterday,” Renaissance, Scientific Revolution, & Enlightenment
(Chapter 15)
Pre-Industrial to Modern Europe, or “The World of Yesterday”
1.) Small Scale
Rural
Agricultural/Communal/Pre-Market
Industrial Revolution/Urbanization/Transportation
2.) Traditional
“past-directed”
Epistemology
Scientific Revolution
3.) Hierarchical
Aristocracy
Bourgeoisie
French Revolution/Industrial Revolution
4.) Feudal
Decentralized
Absolutism in France/Parliament in Great Britain
Louis XIV—The “Sun King”
Mercantilism
5.) Religious
Christianity/Catholicism
Renaissance
Humanism
Niccolo Machiavelli: The Prince
Leonardo da Vinci: “Mona Lisa,” The Last Supper
Protestant Reformation
Martin Luther
Wittenberg/”Ninety-Five Theses”
Parameters:
Simple faith (Versus Good Works)
Calvinism, Presbyterianism, Anglicanism
Catholic Counter-Reformation
The Council of Trent
Scientific Revolution & Enlightenment
The Scientific Revolution
Three “Signposts” of Modern Science
Observation/Experimentation/Empiricism
Use of Mathematics
Attack on Tradition
Nicolaus Copernicus
On the Revolution of Heavenly Spheres (1543)
Heliocentric Universe
(Ptolemy/Geocentric Universe)
Catholic Church:
Aristotle on philosophy, Ptolemy on astronomy
Galileo Galilei
Dialogue on the Two Chief World Systems (1632)
Isaac Newton
Universal Theory of Gravity
Principia Mathematica




The Enlightenment, or The Age of Reason

Four “Pillars” of the Enlightenment
Application of Scientific Method to the Human World
Importance of Reason
Centrality of Freedom (& Education)/ Philosophes/Salons
Human Progress

John Locke/Essay Concerning Human Understanding
Voltaire/Candide (1759)

Mary Wollstonecraft/Vindication of the Rights of Women (1792)

Adam Smith Wealth of Nations (1776)
Capitalism/Laissez Faire/Anti-Mercantilism

Deism
Natural (“Unalienable”) Rights
Anti-Monarchy