Study Terms for Chapter 18 and 22

“The World of Yesterday,” Scientific Revolution, Enlightenment & French Revolution
(Chapter 18)

Pre-Industrial to Modern Europe, or “The World of Yesterday”
1.) Small Scale
Rural
Agricultural/Communal/Pre-Market
Industrial Revolution/Urbanization/Transportation
2.) Religious
Christianity/Catholicism
Protestant Reformation
Scientific Revolution & Enlightenment
3.) Traditional
“past-directed”
Scientific Revolution
4.) Hierarchical
Aristocracy
Bourgeoisie
French Revolution/Industrial Revolution
5.) Feudal
Decentralized
Absolutism

The Scientific Revolution
Three “Signposts” of Modern Science
Observation/Experimentation/Empiricism
Use of Mathematics
Attack on Tradition
Nicolaus Copernicus
On the Revolution of Heavenly Spheres (1543)
Heliocentric Universe
(Ptolemy/Geocentric Universe)
Catholic Church: Aristotle on philosophy, Ptolemy on astronomy
(The Index of Forbidden Books)
Galileo Galilei
Dialogue on the Two Chief World Systems (1632)
Isaac Newton
Universal Theory of Gravity
Principia
The Enlightenment, or The Age of Reason
Four “Pillars” of the Enlightenment
Application of Scientific Method to the Human World
Importance of Reason
Centrality of Freedom (& Education)
Human Progress
John Locke/Essay Concerning Human Understanding
Philosophes/Salons
Ancien Regime
Denis Diderot/Encyclopedia 20 Volumes (1751-1772)
Voltaire (Francois-Marie Arouet)/Candide (1759)
Mary Wollstonecraft/Vindication of the Rights of Women (1792)
Thomas Jefferson/Declaration of Independence (1776)
Adam Smith Wealth of Nations (1776)
Capitalism/Laissez Faire/Anti-Mercantilism
Deism
Natural (“Unalienable”) Rights
Anti-Monarchy
American Revolution
Declaration—Thomas Jefferson (1776)
Constitution—James Madison (1787)

The “Moderate Phase of the French Revolution”:
Debt, Privilege, and the Rise of the Middle Class
Louis XVI & Marie Antoinette Estates-General
1st, 2nd, & 3rd Estate Versailles
Bourgeoisie National Assembly
“Tennis Court Oath” (Jean-Jacques David) The Bastille
The End of the Ancien Regime Declaration of the Rights of Man & Citizen
“The March of the Fishwives” “The flight to Varennes”

The “Radical Phase of the French Revolution”:
Sans-Culottes
Jacobins Maximilien Robespierre
Jean Paul Marat (David) Georges Danton
Committee of Public Safety Courts of the People
Levee en masse (Citizen Army) Reign of Terror
Republic of Virtue “Rationalization” of French society
Thermidorean Reaction

The “Napoleonic Phase of the French Revolution”:
Napoleon Bonaparte:
Corsica/Coup d’etat The Emperor and the Empire
Nelson and Trafalgar Continental System
Russia (Elba) Waterloo/Duke of Wellington (St. Helena)

Nationalism
Patriotism
Identity
Republicanism
Meritocracy
Napoleonic Code (e.g. primogeniture)


Europe’s Industrialization and Its Consequences
(Chapter 22)
Precursors to Industrialization:
Agricultural Revolution
“Scientific” Farming
New Technologies & New Crops
Enclosure Movement
”Commons”
Open-Field System
Gentry
Population Growth
Diet & the Columbian Exchange
The Industrial Revolution
(Previously the “Putting Out” System or Cottage Industry)
English Phase
Raw Materials (Coal & Cotton)
Transportation (Water & RxR)
Textiles
James Hargreaves/”Spinning Jenny”
Richard Arkwright/”Water Frame”
James Watt and “English Steam”
Eli Whitney/”Cotton Gin” (American slavery)
Railroads
George Stephenson/Liverpool-Manchester Line (1830)
Continental Phase
(Ruhr Valley)

Consequences of Industrialization
Factory Discipline & the Factory System
Urbanization
Child Labor
Gendering Work
(American) Slavery
Bourgeoisie
Pre-Marxian “Utopian” Socialism
Charles Fourier/Phalanstery/Anti-Individualism & Anti-Competition
Robert Owen/New Harmony, Indiana
Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels
“Scientific” Socialism/Communism
Class Struggle
The Proletariat and the Vanguard (or “Temporary Dictatorship”)
Classless society/Worker’s state
Communist Manifesto (1848)
Das Kapital (1867-1873)

Charles Darwin
(Charles Lyell—Geological Time & Thomas Malthus—Population “stress”)
Natural Selection/”Survival of the Fittest”/Origin of Species (1859)